I got asked the other day how you’d make a cPanel server more secure and so here’s a few tips that might just help.
1) Use secure passwords!
The use of insecure passwords is the most common weak point in server security. If an account password is insecure and is compromised, sites can be defaced, infected, or deleted. Having decent passwords is therefore very important to having a secure server.
You can edit /etc/login.defs to configure many different password options on your system.
Generally, a password utilising at least 8 characters including alphanumeric and grammatical symbols is usually sufficient. Try not to use passwords based upon dictionary words or significant dates if at all possible. If you are uncertain about the security of a password, then it’s probably best that you choose another password just to be on the safe side.
2) If you don’t need SSH, turn it off! If you do need SSH access then make sure you secure SSH access!
The safest thing to do is to turn SSH off completely and then it can not possibly be compromised. In WHM under “Manage Shell Access” you now have the option to apply ‘No shell to all users’ with just one click!
Consider moving SSH access to a different port. As a rule hackers are looking for port 22 as a possible way to access your VPS or dedicated server. Moving SSH to a different port will add a simple way to deter those without specific knowledge of your server from easily discovering your SSH port.
You can modify the port that SSH runs on within /etc/ssh/sshd_config. Change the line that says Port 22 to a different port such as: Port 2045. Make sure to keep your current SSH session open when testing the new port so you can change back to port 22 if the new port doesn’t work.
You should always use SSHv2 only as SSHv1 is not secure. Make sure to change the line in /etc/ssh/sshd_config that says #Protocol 2,1 to Protocol 2.
You may also wish to set Shell Resource Limits for you users to prevent applications and scripts from using all up your resources and taking down your server. You can configure shell resource limits in /etc/security/limits.conf on most Linux systems.
On top of that you should also consider enabling public key authentication for SSH and disable password authentication and the details on how to do that are available at http://www.cpanel.net/2007/06/using-public-key-authentication-for-ssh-and-transfers.html
3) Secure Apache
The most readily available way to access a web server, is of course, the web server application. It is important to take steps to secure your Apache installation.
One of the best tools for preventing malicious Apache use is mod_security. This can be installed in Addon Modules in the cPanel section of WebHost Manager. You can find information about mod_security at http://www.modsecurity.org/.
When compiling easyapache, you should include suexec to ensure that CGI applications and scripts run as the user that owns / executes them. This will help identify where malicious scripts are and who is running them. It will also enforce permission and environment controls.
We also recommend compiling easyapache + PHP with PHPsuexec. PHPsuexec forces all PHP scripts to run as the user who owns the script. This means that you will be able to identify the owner of all PHP scripts running on your server. If one is malicious, you will be able to find it’s owner quickly and resolve the issue. To compile Apache + PHP with PHPsuexec, select the PHPSuexec option in the easyapache Upgrade interface in WHM or when running /scripts/easyapache from the command line.
You should enable PHP’s open_basedir protection. This protection will prevent users from open files outside of their home directory with PHP. This can be enabled in Tweak Security within WebHost Manager.
You may also wish to include safe_mode for PHP 5.x and below. Safe_mode ensures that the owner of a PHP script matches the owner of any files to be operated on. You can enable safe_mode by changing the safe_mode = line in php.ini to safe_mode = On.
4) Secure your /tmp partition
We recommend that you use a separate partition for /tmp that is mounted with nosetuid. Nosetuid will force a process to run with the privileges of it’s executor. Also, running /scripts/securetmp will mount your /tmp partition to a temporary file for extra security.
5) Upgrade your mail to maildir format
Maildir format adds extra security and extra speed to your mail system. Newer installs use maildir by default. If you’re running an older copy of cPanel, you’ll probably want to upgrade using /scripts/convert2maildir. Make sure to back up your current mail before converting to maildir, this can be done within /scripts/convert2maildir. If you see maildir is enabled when running /scripts/convert2maildir, you are already using maildir, and will not need to convert.
6) Lock down your system’s compilers
Most users do not require the use of C and C++ compilers. You can use the Compilers Tweak within Tweak Security in WebHost Manager to turn off use of the compilers for all unprivileged users, or to disable them for specific users only. Many pre-packaged exploits require working compilers. Disabling compilers will help protect against many exploits.
7) Turn off unused services and daemons
Any service or daemon that allows a connection to be established to your server is away for hackers to gain access. To reduce security risks, you should disable all services and daemons that are not being used.
For Daemons on Linux:
Check /etc/xinetd.conf for services you are not using. For example, cupsd (printing daemon) and nfs/statd (network file system daemons) are not used on many systems.
For Services:
Go to the Service Manager in the Service Configuration section of WHM and disable any services that you are not using.
Monitor your system
This is where things get a little complicated, so this one is really for advanced users. It is important to be up to date on what is going on with your system. Make sure that you know when accounts are being created, what software is being installed, when software needs updates, etc.
Check your system frequently to ensure it is functioning in the way you expect. Make sure to check things like:
netstat -anp : Look for programs attached to ports that you did not install / authorize
find / \( -perm -a+w \) ! -type l >> world_writable.txt : Look at world_writable.txt to see all world writable files and directories. This will reveal locations where an attacker can store files on your system. NOTE: Fixing permissions on some PHP/CGI scripts that are not properly coded will break them.
find / -nouser -o -nogroup >> no_owner.txt : Look at no_owner for all files that do not have a user or group associated with them. All files should be owned by a specific user or group to restrict access to them.
ls /var/log/: There are many different logs on your system which can be valuable resources. Check your system logs, apache logs, mail logs, and other logs frequently to make sure your system is functioning as expected.
There are many readily available utilities to monitor your system and to detect rootkits, backdoors, etc. Here are some commonly available utilities:
Tripwire – Monitors checksums of files and reports changes.
http://tripwire.com or http://sourceforge.net/projects/tripwire
Chrookit – Scans for common rootkits, backdoors, etc.
http://www.chkrootkit.org
Rkhunter – Scans for common rootkits, backdoors, etc.
http://www.rootkit.nl/projects/rootkit_hunter.html
Logwatch – Monitors and reports on daily system activity.
http://logwatch.org
9) Enable a Firewall
Installing a firewall to limit access to your server is useful. Removing all unused software on your system is more useful. Before you have the chance to remove all unused services and daemons, or the chance to figure out which services / daemons are unused, you can enable a firewall to prevent unwanted access.
The following will show the ports cPanel and WHM need open to function properly and what the port is used for:
http://docs.cpanel.net/twiki/bin/view/AllDocumentation/AllFAQ/WHMsFAQ#I_use_the_APF_firewall_rules_on
Please note that these ports are for all services that can be used by cPanel and WHM, you may or may not be using all of these services or other services and should adjust your rules accordingly.
Remember to set a cron job to disable your firewall every 5 minutes when testing your rules, or you may be locked out of your server.
10) Stay up to date
It is important to make sure that you are running the latest stable versions of the software on your system to ensure that it has been patched of any security issues that past versions may be susceptible to. Make sure to keep on top of updates for:
Kernel
cPanel and WHM
User Applications (bulletin boards, CMS, blog engines, etc)**
System Software
cPanel and WHM and other system software can be set to automatically updated in WebHost Manager under Update Config in the Server Configuration section. User Applications can be upgraded through Manage cPAddons in the cPanel section of WebHost Manager.